【文章标题】：Nördlinger Ries Impact Crater
诺特林根里斯陨石坑
【文章正文】：
Nördlinger Ries
诺特林根里斯
| Nördlinger Ries | |
|---|---|
| Location | |
| 位置 | |
| Impact crater structure | |
| 陨石坑结构 | |
| Confidence | Confirmed |
| 确认程度 | 已确认 |
| Diameter | 24 km (15 mi) |
| 直径 | 24公里（15英里） |
| Age | 14.808 ± 0.038 Ma, Middle Miocene |
| 形成年代 | 中新世中期，距今14.808±0.038百万年 |
| Exposed | Yes |
| 暴露情况 | 是 |
| Drilled | Yes |
| 钻探情况 | 是 |
| Bolide type | Achondrite |
| 陨石类型 | 无球粒陨石 |
The Nördlinger Ries (German pronunciation: [ˈnœʁtlɪŋɐ ˈʁiːs]) is an impact crater[1] and large circular depression in western Bavaria and eastern Baden-Württemberg.
诺特林根里斯（德语发音：[ˈnœʁtlɪŋɐ ˈʁiːs]）是位于巴伐利亚州西部和巴登-符腾堡州东部的一个陨石坑[1]及大型圆形凹陷地貌。
It is located north of the Danube in the district of Donau-Ries. The city of Nördlingen is located within the depression, about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) south-west of its centre.
该陨石坑位于多瑙河以北的多瑙-里斯县。诺特林根市坐落于凹陷区域内，距其中心西南约6公里（3.7英里）。
Etymology
词源
Ries is derived from Raetia, since the tribe of Raetians lived in the area in pre-Roman times.[2][3]
“Ries”源自Raetia（雷蒂亚），因雷蒂亚部落在罗马时代前曾居住于此地。[2][3]
Description
地貌特征
The depression is a meteorite impact crater formed 14.808 ± 0.038 million years ago in the Miocene.[4][5]
该凹陷地貌是中新世时期（距今14.808±0.038百万年前）由陨石撞击形成的陨石坑。[4][5]
The crater is most commonly referred to simply as the Ries crater or the Ries. The original crater rim had an estimated diameter of 24 km (15 mi). The present floor of the depression is about 100 to 150 m (330 to 490 ft) below the eroded remains of the rim.
该陨石坑通常简称为”里斯坑”或”里斯”。原始坑缘直径约24公里（15英里）。目前凹陷底部比受侵蚀的坑缘遗迹低约100至150米（330至490英尺）。
It was originally assumed that the Ries was of volcanic, glacial or tectonic origin. Oliver Sachs introduced, in this context, the term “pioneer era” (up to 1870) and marked the beginning of early modern research on the Ries (from 1870), meaning the period when the first detailed theories about the formation of the Nördlinger Ries became known.[6][7][8]
早期学界曾认为里斯坑由火山、冰川或构造运动形成。奥利弗·萨克斯据此提出”先驱时代”概念（截至1870年），并将1870年作为里斯现代研究的起点，即关于诺特林根里斯形成机制的首批详细理论开始出现的时期。[6][7][8]
In 1960 Eugene Shoemaker and Edward C. T. Chao showed that the depression was caused by meteorite impact.[9] The key evidence was the presence of coesite, which, in unmetamorphosed rocks, can only be formed by the shock pressures associated with meteorite impact.
1960年，尤金·舒梅克和赵景德证明该凹陷由陨石撞击形成。[9] 关键证据是柯石英的存在——这种矿物在未变质岩石中只能由陨石撞击产生的冲击压力形成。
The coesite was found in suevite from Otting quarry,[10][9] but even before, Shoemaker was encouraged by St. George’s Church in Nördlingen, which is built of locally derived suevite.[10] The suevite was formed from mesozoic sediments shocked by the bolide impact.[11][12][13]
柯石英发现于奥廷采石场的苏长岩中，[10][9] 但早在此前，舒梅克就因诺特林根圣乔治教堂（采用当地苏长岩建造）而受到启发。[10] 这些苏长岩由陨石撞击中生代沉积层形成。[11][12][13]
The Ries impact crater was a rampart crater, thus far a unique finding on Earth.[14] Rampart craters have almost exclusively been found on Mars. Rampart craters exhibit a fluidized ejecta flow after the impact of the meteorite, most simply compared to a bullet fired into the mud, with the ejecta resembling a mudflow.
里斯陨石坑是一种壁垒型陨石坑，这是迄今为止地球上的唯一发现。[14] 此类陨石坑几乎仅见于火星。其特点是陨石撞击后会产生流体化喷射流，最直观的类比是子弹射入泥浆时产生的泥浆状喷溅物。
Another impact crater, the much smaller (3.8 km (2.4 mi) diameter) Steinheim crater,[15] is located about 42 km (26 mi) west-southwest from the center of Ries. It had previously been thought that the two craters formed simultaneously by the impact of a binary asteroid 14.8 million years ago, but a study published in 2020 suggests that Steinheim could actually be about 500,000 years younger than Nördlinger Ries.[16]
另一处直径更小（3.8公里/2.4英里）的施泰因海姆陨石坑[15]位于里斯中心西南偏西约42公里（26英里）处。此前认为两者由1480万年前双小行星同时撞击形成，但2020年研究显示施泰因海姆坑可能比诺特林根里斯年轻约50万年。[16]
Recent computer modeling of the impact event indicates that the impactors probably had diameters of about 1.5 km (4,900 ft) (Ries) and 150 m (490 ft) (Steinheim), had a pre-impact separation of some tens of kilometers, and impacted the target area at an angle around 30 to 50 degrees from the surface in a west-southwest to east-northeast direction.[citation needed]
最新计算机模拟显示：撞击体直径分别约1.5公里（里斯坑）和150米（施泰因海姆坑），撞击前相距数十公里，以与地表呈30-50度的角度从西南偏西向东北偏东方向撞击目标区域。[需要引证]
The impact velocity is thought to have been about 20 km/s (72,000 km/h; 45,000 mph).[citation needed] The resulting explosion had the power of 40 million Hiroshima bombs, an energy of roughly 2.4×1021 joules.[citation needed]
据估算撞击速度约20公里/秒（7.2万公里/小时），释放能量相当于4000万吨TNT当量（约2.4×10²¹焦耳）。[需要引证]
The Ries crater impact event is believed to be the source of moldavite tektites found in southern Bohemia and Moravia (Czech Republic).[17] The tektite melt originated from a sand-rich surface layer that was ejected to distances up to 450 km (280 mi) downrange of the crater. The shape of the strewnfield suggests that the direction of impact was from the west-southwest.[18]
学界认为里斯撞击事件是波西米亚南部与摩拉维亚（捷克共和国）发现的莫尔道玻陨石的来源。[17] 这些玻陨石熔体源自富含砂粒的表层物质，最远被抛射至陨石坑下风向450公里（280英里）处。散落区形态表明撞击方向为西南偏西。[18]
Stone buildings in Nördlingen contain millions of tiny diamonds, all less than 0.2 mm (0.008 in) across. The impact that caused the Nördlinger Ries crater created an estimated 72,000 tonnes (72,000,000 kg) of them when it impacted a local graphite deposit. Stone from this area was quarried and used to build the local buildings.[19]
诺特林根的石质建筑中含有数百万颗微小钻石（直径均小于0.2毫米）。陨石撞击当地石墨矿层时约产生7.2万吨钻石，该地区开采的石材被用于建造当地建筑。[19]
Present state
现状
After the impact, the crater filled with water, forming a lake ~400 km2 in area, almost the size of Lake Constance.[20] The lake silted up after about two million years. The present Ries basin was only exposed by erosion during the Ice Ages.[21]
撞击后陨石坑积水成湖，面积约400平方公里（接近博登湖大小）。[20] 约200万年后湖泊淤塞，现今里斯盆地是在冰河时期经侵蚀作用才暴露出来。[21]
Impact
撞击事件
The Ries impact (also known as the Ries event) was an asteroid impact that occurred approximately 15 million years ago in what is now southern Germany.[22] The resulting impact crater, the Nördlinger Ries, has a diameter of about 24 km (15 mi), indicating the release of an enormous amount of energy.
里斯撞击事件（约1500万年前发生于今德国南部）[22] 形成的诺特林根里斯陨石坑直径约24公里（15英里），显示出巨大的能量释放。
The nearby Steinheim Basin and a number of smaller craters on the Franconian Jura and in the Lake Constance area are, according to more recent findings, not contemporaneous with the Nördlinger Ries and are therefore not part of the Ries event.[23]
最新研究表明：附近的施泰因海姆盆地及弗兰肯汝拉山、博登湖区域的若干小陨石坑与诺特林根里斯并非同期形成，因此不属于里斯撞击事件。[23]
Sequence
形成序列
The Nördlinger Ries is one of the best-studied impact crate
诺特林根里斯是研究最充分的陨石坑之一